Appendix A - Scoring

Rule 13 is changed to:

After a board passes head to wind, she shall keep clear of other boards until her sail has filled. During that time rules 10, 11 and 12 do not apply. If two boards are subject to this rule at the same time, the one on the other’s port side or the one astern shall keep clear.

Rule 16.1 is changed to:

When a right-of-way board changes course or the position of her equipment, she shall give the other board room to keep clear.

Rule 17 is changed to:

When, at the warning signal, the course to the first mark is approximately ninety degrees from the true wind, a board overlapped to leeward of another board on the same tack during the last 30 seconds before her starting signal shall not sail above her shortest course through the starting line to the first mark while they remain overlapped if as a result the other board would need to take action to avoid contact, unless in doing so she promptly sails astern of the other board.

The first sentence of rule 18.1(a) is changed to:

Rule 18 applies between boards when they are required to leave a mark on the same side and at least one of them is rounding or passing it.

Rule 18.2(a) is changed to:

• (a) When the first of two boards is rounding or passing the mark,
  • (1) if the boards are overlapped, the outside board shall give the inside board mark-room;
  • (2) if the boards are not overlapped, the board clear astern at that moment shall give the other board mark-room.

When a board is required to give mark-room by rule 18.2(a), she shall continue to do so for as long as this rule applies, even if later an overlap is broken or a new overlap begins.

Rule 18.2(b) is changed to:

• (b) Rule 18.2(a) no longer applies if the board entitled to mark-room passes head to wind.

Rule 18.3 is deleted.

Rule 18.4 is changed to:

When an inside overlapped right-of-way board must gybe or bear away at a mark to sail her proper course, until she gybes or bears away she shall sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.4 does not apply at a gate mark.

Rule 22 is changed to:

22.1 If possible, a board shall avoid a board that is capsized or has not regained control after capsizing, is aground, or is trying to help a person or vessel in danger.

22.2 If possible, a board that is capsized or aground shall not interfere with another board.

Add new rule 23.3:

23.3 In the last minute before her starting signal, a board shall have her sail out of the water and in a normal position, except when accidentally capsized.

Rule 26 is changed to:

26.1 System 1 (for Upwind Starts)

Races shall be started by using the following signals. Times shall be taken from the visual signals; the absence of a sound signal shall be disregarded.

*or as stated in the notice of race or sailing instructions

The warning signal for each succeeding class shall be made with or after the starting signal of the preceding class.

26.2 System 2 (for Reaching Starts)

Races shall be started by using the following signals. Times shall be taken from the visual signals; the absence of a sound signal shall be disregarded.

26.3 System 3 (for Beach Starts)

• (a) When the starting line is on the beach, or so close to the beach that the competitor must stand in the water to start, the start is a beach start.
• (b) The starting stations shall be numbered so that station 1 is the most windward one. Unless the sailing instructions specify some other system, a board’s starting station shall be determined
  • (1) by ranking (the highest ranking board on station 1, the next highest on station 2, and so on), or
  • (2) by draw.
• (c) After boards have been called to take their positions, the race committee shall make the preparatory signal by displaying a red flag with one sound. The starting signal shall be made, at any time after the preparatory signal, by removing the red flag with one sound.
• (d) After the starting signal each board shall take the shortest route from her starting station to the water and then to her sailing position without interfering with other boards. Part 2 rules will apply when both of the competitor’s feet are on the board.

Rule 30.2 is deleted.

Rule 31 is changed to:

A board may touch a mark but shall not hold on to it.

Rule 42 is changed to:

A board shall be propelled only by the action of the wind on the sail and by the action of the water on the hull or its appendages. However, pumping and fanning the sail is permitted. The board shall not be propelled by paddling, swimming or walking.

Rule 44 is changed to:

44.1 Taking a Penalty

A board may take a 360°-Turn Penalty when she may have broken one or more rules of Part 2 in an incident while racing. Alternatively, the notice of race or sailing instructions may specify the use of some other penalty, in which case the specified penalty shall replace the 360°-Turn Penalty. However, if the board caused injury or serious damage or, despite taking a penalty, gained a significant advantage in the race or series by her breach, her penalty shall be to retire.

44.2 360°-Turn Penalty

After getting well clear of other boards as soon after the incident as possible, a board takes a 360°-Turn Penalty by promptly making a 360° turn with no requirement for a tack or a gybe. When a board takes the penalty at or near the finishing line, her hull shall be completely on the course side of the line before she finishes.

Rule 50.1(a) is changed to:

• (a) Competitors shall not wear or carry clothing or equipment for the purpose of increasing their weight. However, a competitor may wear a drinking container that shall have a capacity of no more than 1.5 litres.

Rules 45, 48.2, 49, 50.1(c), 50.2, 51, 52, 54, 55 and 56.1 are deleted.

Rule 60.2(a)(1) is changed to:

• (1) If the protestor is a board, she shall hail ‘Protest’ at the first reasonable opportunity. She shall also inform the race committee of her intention to protest as soon as practicable after she finishes or retires.

Add to rule 60.3(a):

This rule does not apply to a race in an elimination series that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event.

In rule 60.4(a)(2), delete ‘or did not see’.

In rule 61.4(b)(2) and 61.4(b)(3), change ‘injury or physical damage’ to ‘injury, physical damage or capsize’.

Add to rule 63.4:

However, for an elimination series race that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event, protests and requests for redress need not be in writing; they shall be made orally to a member of the protest committee as soon as reasonably possible following the race. The protest committee may take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.

Rule 63.5(d) is changed to:

• (d) If the protest committee is in doubt about a matter concerning the measurement of a board, the meaning of a class rule, or damage to a board, it shall refer its questions, together with the relevant facts, to an authority responsible for interpreting the rule. In making its decision, the committee is bound by the authority’s reply.

Add to rule 63.6(b):

This rule does not apply to a race in an elimination series that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event.

Rule 70.3(b) is changed to:

• (b) that are essential to promptly determine the result of a race that will qualify a board to compete in a subsequent event (a national authority may prescribe that its permission is required for such a procedure);

Add new rule 70.3(e):

• (e) made in an elimination series that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event.

Add to rule 78.1: ‘When so prescribed by World Sailing, a numbered and dated device on a board and her centreboard, fin and rig shall serve as her measurement certificate.’

The last sentence of rule 90.2(c) is changed to: ‘Oral instructions may be given only if the procedure is stated in the sailing instructions.’

Rule A1 is changed to:

The number of races scheduled and the number required to be scored to constitute a series shall be stated in the notice of race or sailing instructions; see rule 90.3(a). If an event includes more than one discipline or format, the notice of race or sailing instructions shall state how the overall scores are to be calculated.

Rule A2.1 is changed to:

Each board’s series score shall, subject to rule 90.3(b), be the total of her race scores excluding her

• (a) worst score when from 5 to 11 races have been scored, or
• (b) two worst scores when 12 or more races have been scored (see rule 90.3(a)).

However, the notice of race or sailing instructions may make a different arrangement. If a board has two or more equal worst scores, the score(s) for the race(s) sailed earliest in the series shall be excluded. The board with the lowest series score wins and others shall be ranked accordingly.

Add new rule A5.4:

A5.4 For an elimination series race that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event, a board that did not sail the course, retired or was disqualified shall be scored points equal to the number of boards permitted to sail in that race.

Rule A8 is changed to:

A8.1 If there is a series-score tie between two or more boards, each board’s excluded race scores shall be listed in order of best to worst, and at the first point(s) where there is a difference the tie shall be broken in favour of the board(s) with the best excluded race score(s).

A8.2 If a tie remains between two or more boards, each board’s race scores, including excluded scores, shall be listed in order of best to worst, and at the first point(s) where there is a difference the tie shall be broken in favour of the board(s) with the best score(s). These scores shall be used even if some of them are excluded scores.

A8.3 If a tie still remains between two or more boards, they shall be ranked in order of their scores in the last race. Any remaining ties shall be broken by using the tied boards’ scores in the next-to-last race and so on until all ties are broken. These scores shall be used even if some of them are excluded scores.

Rule G1.3 is changed to:

The class insignia shall be displayed once on each side of the sail in the area above a line projected at right angles from a point on the luff of the sail one-third of the distance from the head to the wishbone. The national letters and sail numbers shall be in the central third of that part of the sail above the wishbone, clearly separated from any advertising. They shall be black and applied back to back on an opaque white background. The background shall extend a minimum of 30 mm beyond the characters. There shall be a ‘–’ between the national letters and the sail number, and the spacing between characters shall be adequate for legibility.

The definition Finish is changed to:

Finish A boat finishes when, after her starting signal, any part of her hull crosses the finishing line from the course side after completing any penalties. However, when penalties are cancelled under rule C7.2(d) after one or both boats have finished each shall be recorded as finished when she crossed the line. A boat has not finished if she continues to sail the course.

The definition Mark-Room is changed to:

Mark-Room Room for a boat to sail her proper course to round or pass the mark, and room to pass a finishing mark after finishing.

Add to the definition Proper Course: ‘A boat taking a penalty or manoeuvring to take a penalty is not sailing a proper course.’

In the definition Zone the distance is changed to two hull lengths.

Add new rule 7 to Part 1:

7 LAST POINT OF CERTAINTY
The umpires will assume that the state of a boat, or her relationship to another boat, has not changed, until they are certain that it has changed.

Rule 13 is changed to:

13 WHILE TACKING OR GYBING
13.1 After a boat passes head to wind, she shall keep clear of other boats until she is on a close-hauled course.
13.2 After the foot of the mainsail of a boat sailing downwind crosses the centreline she shall keep clear of other boats until her mainsail has filled or she is no longer sailing downwind.
13.3 While rule 13.1 or 13.2 applies, rules 10, 11 and 12 do not apply. However, if two boats are subject to rule 13.1 or 13.2 at the same time, the one on the other’s port side or the one astern shall keep clear.

Rule 16.2 is changed to:

16.2 In addition, when boats on opposite tacks are sailing to a mark that is to windward of them, the starboard-tack boat shall not bear away to a course that is more than ninety degrees from the true wind and that is below her proper course, if as a result the port-tack boat must change course immediately to continue keeping clear.

Rule 17 is deleted.

Rule 18 is changed to:

18 MARK-ROOM

18.1 When Rule 18 Applies
Rule 18 applies between boats when they are required to leave a mark on the same side and at least one of them is in the zone. However, it does not apply between a boat approaching a mark and one leaving it. Rule 18 no longer applies between boats when the boat entitled to mark-room is on the next leg and the mark is astern of her.

18.2 Giving Mark-Room

• (a) When the first boat reaches the zone,
  • (1) if boats are overlapped, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room.
  • (2) if boats are not overlapped, the boat that has not reached the zone shall thereafter give mark-room.
• (b) If the boat entitled to mark-room leaves the zone, the entitlement to mark-room ceases and rule 18.2(a) is applied again if required based on the relationship of the boats at the time rule 18.2(a) is re-applied.
• (c) If a boat obtained an inside overlap and, from the time the overlap began, the outside boat is unable to give mark-room, rule 18.2(a) does not apply between them.

18.3 Tacking or Gybing

• (a) If mark-room for a boat includes a change of tack, such tack or gybe shall be done no faster than a tack or gybe to sail her proper course.
• (b) When an inside overlapped right-of-way boat must change tack at a mark to sail her proper course, until she changes tack she shall sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.3(b) does not apply at a gate mark or a finishing mark and a boat shall be exonerated for breaking this rule if the course of another boat was not affected before the boat changed tack.

Rule 20.4(a) is changed to:

• (a) The following arm signals by the helmsperson are required in addition to the hails:
  • (1) for ‘Room to tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing to windward; and
  • (2) for ‘You tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other boat and waving the arm to windward.

Rule 21.3 is deleted.

Rule 23.1 is changed to:

23.1 If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall not interfere with a boat that is racing or an umpire boat.

Add new rule 23.3:

23.3 When boats in different matches meet, any change of course by either boat shall be consistent with complying with a rule or trying to win her own match.

Rule 27.2 is changed to:

27.2 No later than the warning signal, the race committee may move a starting mark.

Rule 31 is changed to:

31 TOUCHING A MARK

While racing, neither the crew nor any part of a boat’s hull shall touch a starting mark before starting, a mark that begins, bounds or ends the leg of the course on which she is sailing, or a finishing mark after finishing. In addition, while racing, a boat shall not touch a race committee vessel that is also a mark.

Add new rule 41(e):

• (e) help to recover from the water and return on board a crew member, provided the return on board is at the approximate location of the recovery.

Rule 42 shall also apply between the warning and preparatory signals.

Rule 42.2(d) is changed to:

• (d) sculling: repeated movement of the helm to propel the boat forward;

The signals for starting a match shall be as follows. Times shall be taken from the visual signals; the failure of a sound signal shall be disregarded. If more than one match will be sailed, the starting signal for one match shall be the warning signal for the next match.

*Within a flight, numeral pennant 1 means Match 1, pennant 2 means Match 2, etc., unless the sailing instructions state otherwise.

**These signals shall be made only if one or both boats fail to comply with rule C4.2. The flag(s) shall be displayed until the umpires have signalled a penalty or for one minute, whichever is earlier.

• (a) Rule 29.1 is changed to:
  • (1) When at a boat’s starting signal any part of her hull is on the course side of the starting line or one of its extensions, the race committee shall promptly display a blue or yellow flag identifying the boat with one sound. The flag shall be displayed until the hull of the boat is completely on the pre-start side of the starting line or one of its extensions or until two minutes after her starting signal, whichever is earlier.
  • (2) When after a boat’s starting signal any part of her hull crosses from the pre-start side to the course side of the starting line across an extension without having started correctly, the race committee shall promptly display a blue or yellow flag identifying the boat. The flag shall be displayed until the hull of the boat is completely on the pre-start side of the starting line or one of its extensions or until two minutes after her starting signal, whichever is earlier.
• (b) In the race signal AP the last sentence is changed to: ‘The attention signal will be made 1 minute after removal unless at that time the race is postponed again or abandoned.’
• (c) In the race signal N the last sentence is changed to: ‘The attention signal will be made 1 minute after removal unless at that time the race is abandoned again or postponed.’

The race signal Blue flag or shape shall not be used.

At a boat’s preparatory signal, her hull shall be completely outside the line that is at a 90º angle to the starting line through the starting mark at her assigned end. In the pairing list, the boat listed on the left-hand side is assigned the port end and shall display a blue flag at her stern while racing. The other boat is assigned the starboard end and shall display a yellow flag at her stern while racing.

Within the two-minute period following a boat’s preparatory signal, her hull shall cross and clear the starting line, the first time from the course side to the pre-start side.

A green and white flag with one long sound means ‘No penalty.’

A blue or yellow flag identifying a boat with one long sound means ‘The identified boat shall take a penalty by complying with rule C7.’

A red flag with or soon after a blue or yellow flag with one long sound means ‘The identified boat shall take a penalty by complying with rule C7.3(d).’

A black flag with a blue or yellow flag and one long sound means ‘The identified boat is disqualified or has retired, and the match is terminated and awarded to the other boat.’

One short sound means ‘A penalty is now completed.’

Repetitive short sounds mean ‘A boat is no longer taking a penalty and the penalty remains.’

A blue or yellow flag or shape displayed from an umpire boat means ‘The identified boat has an outstanding penalty.’

• (a) under a rule of Part 2, except rule 14, by clearly displaying flag Y immediately after an incident in which she was involved;
• (b) under any rule not protestable in rule C6.1(a) or C6.2 by clearly displaying a red flag as soon as possible after the incident.

• (a) rule 14, unless damage or injury results;
• (b) a rule of Part 2, unless she was involved in the incident;
• (c) rule 31 or 42; or
• (d) rule C4 or C7.

A boat requesting redress because of circumstances that arise while she is racing or in the finishing area shall clearly display a red flag as soon as possible after she becomes aware of those circumstances, but no later than two minutes after finishing or retiring.

• (a) A boat protesting under rule C6.1(a) shall remove flag Y before or as soon as possible after the umpires’ signal.
• (b) A boat protesting under rule C6.1(b) or requesting redress under rule C6.3 shall, for her protest or request to be valid, keep her red flag displayed until she has so informed the umpires after finishing or retiring. No written protest or request for redress is required.

• (a) After flag Y is displayed, the umpires shall decide whether to penalize any boat. They shall signal their decision in compliance with rule C5.1, C5.2 or C5.3. However,
  • (1) if the umpires decide to penalize a boat, and as a result that boat will have more than two outstanding penalties, the umpires shall signal her disqualification under rule C5.4;
  • (2) when the umpires penalize a boat under rule C8.2 and in the same incident there is a flag Y from a boat, the umpires may disregard the flag Y.
• (b) The red-flag penalty in rule C5.3 shall be used when a boat has gained a controlling position as a result of breaking a rule, but the umpires are not certain that the conditions for an additional umpire-initiated penalty have been fulfilled.

• (a) The protest committee may take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.
• (b) If the protest committee decides that a breach of a rule has had no significant effect on the outcome of the match, it may
  • (1) impose a penalty of one point or part of one point;
  • (2) order a resail; or
  • (3) make another arrangement it decides is equitable, which may be to impose no penalty.
• (c) The penalty for breaking rule 14 when damage or injury results will be at the discretion of the protest committee, and may include exclusion from further races in the event.

Add new rule N1.10 to Appendix N:

N1.10 In rule N1.1, one International Umpire may be appointed to the jury, or a panel of it, in place of one International Judge.

Rule 44 is deleted.

• (a) A penalized boat may delay taking a penalty within the limitations of rule C7.3 and shall take it as follows:
  • (1) When on a leg of the course to a windward mark, she shall gybe and, as soon as reasonably possible, luff to a close-hauled course.
  • (2) When on a leg of the course to a leeward mark or the finishing line, she shall tack and, as soon as reasonably possible, bear away to a course that is more than ninety degrees from the true wind.
• (b) Add to rule 2: ‘When racing, a boat need not take a penalty unless signalled to do so by an umpire.’
• (c) A boat completes a leg of the course when any part of her hull crosses the extension of the line from the previous mark through the mark she is rounding, or on the last leg when she finishes.
• (d) A penalized boat shall not be recorded as having finished until she takes her penalty and her hull is completely on the course side of the line and she then finishes, unless the penalty is cancelled before or after she crosses the finishing line.
• (e) If a boat has one or two outstanding penalties and the other boat in her match is penalized, one penalty for each boat shall be cancelled except that a red-flag penalty shall not cancel or be cancelled by another penalty.
• (f) If one boat has finished and is no longer racing, and the other boat has an outstanding penalty, the umpires may cancel the outstanding penalty.

• (a) A boat taking a penalty that includes a tack shall have the spinnaker head below the main-boom gooseneck from the time she passes head to wind until she is on a close-hauled course.
• (b) No part of a penalty may be taken inside the zone of a rounding mark that begins, bounds or ends the leg the boat is on.
• (c) If a boat has one outstanding penalty, she may take the penalty any time after starting and before finishing. If a boat has two outstanding penalties, she shall take one of them as soon as reasonably possible, but not before starting.
• (d) When the umpires display a red flag with or soon after a penalty flag, the penalized boat shall take a penalty as soon as reasonably possible, but not before starting.

• (a) When a boat with an outstanding penalty is on a leg to a windward mark and gybes, or is on a leg to a leeward mark or the finishing line and passes head to wind, she is taking a penalty.
• (b) When a boat taking a penalty either does not take the penalty correctly or does not complete the penalty as soon as reasonably possible, she is no longer taking a penalty. The umpires shall signal this as required by rule C5.6.
• (c) The umpire boat for each match shall display blue or yellow flags or shapes, each flag or shape indicating one outstanding penalty. When a boat has taken a penalty, or a penalty has been cancelled, one flag or shape shall be removed, with the appropriate sound signal. Failure of the umpires to signal correctly shall not change the number of penalties outstanding.

Rule 60.1 does not apply to protests by the race committee or technical committee under rules for which penalties may be imposed by umpires.

When the umpires decide that a boat has broken rule 31, 42, C4, C7.3(c) or C7.3(d) she shall be penalized by signalling her under rule C5.2 or C5.3. However, if a boat is penalized for breaking a rule of Part 2 and if she in the same incident breaks rule 31, she shall not be penalized for breaking rule 31. Furthermore, a boat that displays an incorrect flag or does not display the correct flag shall be warned orally and given an opportunity to correct the error before being penalized.

When the umpires decide that a boat has

• (a) gained an advantage by breaking a rule after allowing for a penalty,
• (b) deliberately broken a rule, or
• (c) committed a breach of sportsmanship,

she shall be penalized under rule C5.2, C5.3 or C5.4.

If the umpires or protest committee members decide that a boat may have broken a rule other than those listed in rules C6.1(a) and C6.2, they shall so inform the protest committee for its action under rule 60.1 and rule C6.6 when appropriate.

When, after one boat has started, the umpires are satisfied that the other boat will not start, they may signal under rule C5.4, identifying the boat that has not started.

When one boat retires after both boats in a match have started, the umpires may signal under rule C5.4, identifying the retired boat.

When the match umpires, together with at least one other umpire, decide that a boat has broken rule 14 and damage resulted, they may impose a points-penalty without a hearing. The competitor shall be informed of the penalty as soon as practicable and, at the time of being so informed, may request a hearing. The protest committee shall then proceed under rule C6.6. Any penalty decided by the protest committee may be more than the penalty imposed by the umpires. When the umpires decide that a penalty greater than one point is appropriate, they shall act under rule C8.4.

There shall be no request for redress or an appeal from a decision made under rule C5, C6, C7 or C8. Rule 63.7(b) is changed to: ‘A party to the hearing may not ask for a reopening.’

A competitor may not base a request for redress on a claim that an action by an official boat was improper. The protest committee may decide to consider giving redress in such circumstances but only if it believes that an official boat, including an umpire boat, may have seriously interfered with a competing boat.

No proceedings of any kind may be taken in relation to any action or non-action by the umpires, except as permitted in rule C9.2.

The winning competitor of each match scores one point (half a point each for a dead heat); the loser scores no points.

When a competitor withdraws from part of an event the scores of all completed races shall stand.

When a single round robin is terminated before completion, or a multiple round robin is terminated during the first round robin, a competitor's score shall be the average points scored per match sailed by the competitor. However, if any of the competitors have completed less than one-third of the scheduled matches, the entire round robin shall be disregarded and, if necessary, the event declared void. For the purposes of tie-breaking in rule C11.1(a), a competitor’s score shall be the average points scored per match between the tied competitors.

When a multiple round robin is terminated with an incomplete round robin, only one point shall be available for all the matches sailed between any two competitors, as follows:

In a round-robin series,

• (a) competitors shall be placed in order of their total scores, highest score first;
• (b) a competitor who has won a match but is disqualified for breaking a rule against a competitor in another match shall lose the point for that match (but the losing competitor shall not be awarded the point); and
• (c) the overall position between competitors who have sailed in different groups shall be decided by the highest score.

In a knockout series the sailing instructions shall state the minimum number of points required to win a series between two competitors. When a knockout series is terminated it shall be decided in favour of the competitor with the higher score.

When only one boat in a match fails to sail the course, she shall be scored no points (without a hearing).

In a round-robin series competitors are assigned to one or more groups and scheduled to sail against all other competitors in their group one or more times. Each separate stage identified in the event format shall be a separate round-robin series irrespective of the number of times each competitor sails against each other competitor in that stage.

Ties between two or more competitors in a round-robin series shall be broken by the following methods, in order, until all ties are broken. When one or more ties are only partially broken, rules C11.1(a) to C11.1(e) shall be re-applied to them. Ties shall be decided in favour of the competitor(s) who

• (a) placed in order, has the highest score in the matches between the tied competitors;
• (b) when the tie is between two competitors in a multiple round robin, has won the last match between the two competitors;
• (c) has the most points against the competitor placed highest in the round-robin series or, if necessary, second highest, and so on until the tie is broken. When two separate ties have to be resolved but the resolution of each depends upon resolving the other, the following principles shall be used in the rule C11.1(c) procedure:
  • (1) the higher-place tie shall be resolved before the lower-place tie, and
  • (2) all the competitors in the lower-place tie shall be treated as a single competitor for the purposes of rule C11.1(c);
• (d) after applying rule C10.5(c), has the highest place in the different groups, irrespective of the number of competitors in each group;
• (e) has the highest place in the most recent stage of the event (fleet race, round robin, etc.).

Ties (including 0–0) between competitors in a knockout series shall be broken by the following methods, in order, until the tie is broken. The tie shall be decided in favour of the competitor who

• (a) has the highest place in the most recent round-robin series, applying rule C11.1 if necessary;
• (b) has won the most recent match in the event between the tied competitors.

When rule C11.1 or C11.2 does not resolve a tie,

• (a) if the tie needs to be resolved for a later stage of the event (or another event for which the event is a direct qualifier), the tie shall be broken by a sail-off when practicable. When the race committee decides that a sail-off is not practicable, the tie shall be decided in favour of the competitor who has the highest score in the round-robin series after eliminating the score for the first race for each tied competitor or, should this fail to break the tie, the second race for each tied competitor and so on until the tie is broken. When a tie is partially resolved, the remaining tie shall be broken by reapplying rule C11.1 or C11.2.
• (b) to decide the winner of an event that is not a direct qualifier for another event, or the overall position between competitors eliminated in one round of a knockout series, a sail-off may be used (but not a draw).
• (c) when a tie is not broken any monetary prizes or ranking points for tied places shall be added together and divided equally among the tied competitors.

• (a) In the definition Zone the distance is changed to two hull lengths.
• (b) Rule 18.2(a) is changed to:
  (a) When the first of two boats reaches the zone,
  (1) if the boats are overlapped, the outside boat at that moment shall give the inside boat mark-room;
  (2) if the boats are not overlapped, the boat that has not reached the zone at that moment shall give the other boat mark-room.
  If a boat passes head to wind and at that moment is clear astern of a boat in the zone, she shall give the clear ahead boat mark-room.
  When a boat is required to give mark-room by this rule, she shall continue to do so for as long as this rule applies, even if later an overlap is broken or a new overlap begins.
• (c) Rule 18.4 is deleted.
• (d) When stated in the notice of race or sailing instructions, rule 20.4 is changed so that the following arm signals are required in addition to the hails:
  (1) for ‘Room to tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing to windward; and
  (2) for ‘You tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other boat and waving the arm to windward.
• (e) Rule 23.1 is changed to: ‘If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall not interfere with a boat that is racing, and a boat that has finished shall not act to interfere with a boat that has not finished.’
• (f) Add new rule 23.3: ‘When boats in different races meet, any change of course by either boat shall be consistent with complying with a rule or trying to win her own race.’
• (g) Add to rule 41:
  (e) help from another boat on her team provided electronic communication is not used.
• (h) Rule 45 is deleted.

• (a) A boat may
  (1) protest another boat, but her protest is invalid if it alleges a breach of a rule of Part 2 and she was not involved in the incident, unless the incident involved contact between boats on the other team (This changes rule 60.4(a)(2).);
  (2) remove her red flag after it has been conspicuously displayed (This changes rule 60.2(a)(1).);
  (3) request redress, but not for damage or injury caused by another boat on her team (This changes rule 61.1(a).).
• (b) The race committee and protest committee shall not protest a boat for breaking a rule of Part 2 except
  (1) based on evidence in a report from an umpire after a black and white flag has been displayed; or
  (2) under rule 14 upon receipt of a report from any source alleging damage or injury.
• (c) Protests and requests for redress need not be in writing. The protest committee may take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.
• (d) When a supplied boat suffers a breakdown, rule D5 applies.

• (a) Rule 44.1 is changed to:
  A boat may take a One-Turn Penalty when she may have broken one or more rules of Part 2, or rule 31 or 42, in an incident while racing. However, she or her team may be further penalized under rule D2.3 or D3.3 if the incident caused injury or damage, or despite taking a penalty her team has gained an advantage.
• (b) When a boat clearly indicates that she will take a penalty under rule 44.1, she shall take that penalty.
• (c) A boat may take a penalty by retiring and informing the race committee or an umpire.
• (d) There shall be no penalty for breaking a rule of Part 2 when the incident is between boats on the same team and there is no contact.

• (a) Rule D2 applies to umpired races. Races to be umpired shall be identified in the notice of race or sailing instructions or by the display of flag J no later than the warning signal.
• (b) A boat that protests under a rule listed in rule D2.2 or D2.3 for an incident while racing shall hail ‘Protest’ and display a red flag and is not entitled to a hearing. This changes rules 60.2(a)(1) and 63.2(a).
• (c) A boat requesting redress for an incident in the racing area, or requesting a breakdown score change under rule D5.2, shall conspicuously display a red flag at the first reasonable opportunity after the incident or breakdown. She shall display the red flag until it is acknowledged by the race committee or an umpire.

When a boat protests under a rule of Part 2 or rule 31 or 42:

• (a) Boats shall be given time to respond.
• (b) An umpire may penalize any boat that broke a rule, is not exonerated, and did not take the appropriate penalty.
• (c) An umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4.

When a boat

• (a) breaks rule 31 or 42 and does not take a penalty;
• (b) breaks a rule of Part 2 and makes contact with another boat on her team or with a boat in another race, and no boat takes a penalty;
• (c) breaks a rule and her team gains an advantage despite her, or another boat on her team, taking a penalty;
• (d) breaks rule 14 and there is damage or injury;
• (e) breaks rule D1.3(b) or D2.5; or
• (f) commits a breach of sportsmanship

an umpire may penalize her, or report the incident to the protest committee, or both. No protest is required.

An umpire shall signal a decision with one long sound and the display of a flag as follows:

• (a) For no penalty, a green and white flag.
• (b) To penalize one or more boats, a red flag. The umpire shall hail or signal to identify each boat penalized.
• (c) To report the incident to the protest committee, a black and white flag.

A boat penalized by an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty. However, when a boat is penalized under rule D2.3 and an umpire hails or signals a number of turns, the boat shall take that number of One-Turn Penalties.

• (a) A boat may not protest under rule D1.3(b) or D2.5.
• (b) A decision, action or non-action of an umpire shall not be
  (1) the basis for a request for redress or appeal by a boat, or
  (2) grounds for abandoning a race after it has started.
• (c) However, the protest committee may call a hearing to consider redress when it believes that an umpire boat may have seriously interfered with a boat racing.

• (a) Each boat finishing a race and not retiring thereafter shall be scored points equal to her finishing place. All other boats shall be scored points equal to the number of boats entitled to race.
• (b) When a boat is OCS and does not then either return to start or promptly retire, 10 points shall be added to her score.
• (c) When a boat finishes and has not sailed the course, 6 points shall be added to her score, unless rule D3.1(b) applies.
• (d) When a boat fails to take a penalty imposed by an umpire at or near the finishing line, she shall be scored as retired.
• (e) When a boat is scored as retired after finishing, each boat with a worse finishing place shall be moved up one place.

When all boats on one team have finished, retired or failed to start, the other team’s boats racing at that time shall be scored the points they would have received had they finished.

When a protest committee decides that a boat that is a party to a protest hearing has broken a rule and was not exonerated:

• (a) If the boat has broken
  (1) rule 1 or 2,
  (2) rule 14 when she has caused damage or injury, or
  (3) a rule when not racing,
  half or more race wins may be deducted from her team, or no penalty may be imposed. Race wins deducted shall not be awarded to any other team.
• (b) If the boat has broken a rule other than the rules mentioned in D3.3(a) while racing and not taken or received a penalty for that breach, 6 points shall be added to her score.
• (c) If the boat’s team has gained an advantage despite taking or receiving a penalty, the boat’s score may be increased.

The team with the lower total points wins the race. If the totals are equal, the team that does not have first place wins.

• (a) The format of an event consists of one or more stages.
• (b) In a round-robin stage, teams are divided into one or more groups, and each group is scheduled to sail one or more round-robins.
• (c) A round-robin consists of each team in a group sailing one race against each other team in that group.
• (d) A knockout stage consists of one or more rounds in which each team sails one match. A match is one or more races between two teams.

• (a) The notice of race or sailing instructions shall state the format and stages of the event, and any special scoring rules.
• (b) In order to conclude an event, the race committee may change or terminate any part of the format at any reasonable time taking into account the entries, weather, time constraints and other relevant factors.

• (a) Teams in a round-robin group shall be ranked in order of number of race wins, highest first. If the teams have not completed an equal number of races, they shall be ranked in order of the percentage of races won, highest first.
• (b) However, if a round-robin is terminated when fewer than 80% of its scheduled races have been completed, its race results shall not be included, but shall be used to break ties between teams in the group who all sailed each other in the terminated round-robin.
• (c) Results from a previous round-robin stage shall only be carried forward if stated in the notice of race or sailing instructions.

Ties in a round-robin stage shall be broken using results from that stage only.

• (a) If the tied teams have all sailed each other at least once in the stage, the tie shall be broken in the order below.
  (1) Percentage of races won in all races between the tied teams, highest first;
  (2) Average points per race in all races between the tied teams, lowest first;
  (3) If two teams remain tied, the winner of the last race between them;
  (4) Average points per race in all races against common opponents, lowest first;
  (5) A sail-off if possible, otherwise a game of chance.
• (b) Otherwise, the tie shall be broken using only steps (4) and (5) above.
• (c) When a tie is partially broken by one of the above, the remaining tie shall be broken in accordance with D4.4(a) or (b) as appropriate.

• (a) A round shall not be scored unless at least one race has been completed in each match in that round. The final and petit-final are separate rounds.
• (b) The winner of a match shall be the first team to score the number of race wins stated in the notice of race or sailing instructions. If a match is terminated, the winner shall be the team with the higher number of race wins in that match or, if this is a tie, the team that won the last race of the match.
• (c) (1) Teams that win in a round shall be ranked ahead of those that lose.
  (2) Teams that lose in a round and do not sail again shall be equally ranked.
  (3) In a round that is not scored, teams shall be ranked in order of their places in the previous stage of the event, with teams from different groups ranked separately.

Rule D5 applies when boats are supplied by the organizing authority.

When a boat suffers a breakdown in the racing area, she may request a score change by displaying a red flag at the first reasonable opportunity after the breakdown until it is acknowledged by the race committee or by an umpire. If possible, she shall continue racing.

The race committee shall decide requests for a score change in accordance with rules D5.4 and D5.5. It may take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.

When the race committee decides that the team’s score was made significantly worse, that the breakdown was through no fault of the crew, and that in the same circumstances a reasonably competent crew would not have been able to avoid the breakdown, it shall make as equitable a decision as possible. This may be to abandon and resail the race or, when the boat’s finishing place was predictable, award her points for that place. Any doubt about a boat’s position when she broke down shall be resolved against her.

A breakdown caused by defective supplied equipment or a breach of a rule by an opponent shall not normally be determined to be the fault of the crew, but one caused by careless handling, capsizing or a breach by a boat on the same team shall be. If there is doubt, it shall be presumed that the crew are not at fault.

Add to the definition Conflict of Interest:

However, an observer does not have a conflict of interest solely by being a competitor.

In the definition Zone the distance is changed to four hull lengths.

Add new definition:

Disabled A boat is disabled while she is unable to continue in the heat.

The Terminology paragraph of the Introduction is changed so that:

• (a) ‘boat’ means a sailboat that is subject to the rules, controlled by radio signals and has no crew. However, in the rules of Part 1 and Part 5, rule E6 and the definitions Party and Protest, ‘boat’ includes the competitor controlling her.
• (b) ‘competitor’ means the person designated to control a boat using radio signals.
• (c) In the racing rules, but not in its appendices, replace the noun ‘race’ with ‘heat’. In Appendix E a race consists of one or more heats and is completed when the last heat in the race is completed.

• (a) Rule 1.2 is deleted.
• (b) Hails under rules 20.1 and 20.3 shall include the sail number of the hailing boat followed by ‘Room to tack’.
• (c) Rule 22 is changed to: ‘If possible, a boat shall avoid a boat that is disabled.’
• (d) Rule 90.2(c) is changed to:
  Changes to the sailing instructions may be communicated orally to all affected competitors before the warning signal of the relevant race or heat. When appropriate, changes shall be confirmed in writing.

• (a) A hail shall be made and repeated as appropriate so that the competitors to whom the hail is directed might reasonably be expected to hear it.
• (b) When a rule requires a boat to hail or respond, the hail shall be made by the competitor controlling the boat.
• (c) The individual digits of a boat’s sail number shall be hailed; for example ‘one five’, not ‘fifteen’.

A competitor shall not give tactical or strategic advice to a competitor controlling a boat that is racing.

A competitor whose boat loses radio control shall promptly hail ‘(The boat’s sail number) out of control’ and the boat shall retire.

If a transmitter aerial is longer than 200mm when extended, the extremity shall be adequately protected.

Transmission of radio signals that cause interference with the control of other boats is prohibited. A competitor that has broken this rule shall not race again until permitted to do so by the race committee.

Unless the sailing instructions specify a control area, it shall be unrestricted. competitors shall be in this area when controlling boats that are racing, except briefly to handle and then release or relaunch the boat.

Unless the sailing instructions specify a launching area and its use, it shall be unrestricted.

When the sailing instructions require a course board to be displayed, it shall be located in or adjacent to the control area.

• (a) Rule 26 is changed to:
  Heats shall be started using warning, preparatory and starting signals at one-minute intervals. During the minute before the starting signal, additional sound or oral signals shall be made at ten-second intervals, and during the final ten seconds at one second intervals. Each signal shall be timed from the beginning of its sound.
• (b) The starting and finishing lines shall be between the course sides of the starting and finishing marks.

Rule 29.1 is changed to:

When at a boat’s starting signal any part of her hull is on the course side of the starting line or when she must comply with rule 30.1, the race committee shall promptly hail ‘Recall (sail numbers)’. If rule 30.3 or 30.4 applies this rule does not.

Rule 29.2 is changed to:

When at the starting signal the race committee is unable to identify boats that are on the course side of the starting line or to which rule 30 applies, or there has been an error in the starting procedure, the race committee may hail ‘General recall’ and make two loud sounds. The warning signal for a new start will normally be made shortly thereafter.

When the race committee informs a boat that she has broken rule 30.3 or 30.4, the boat shall immediately leave the course area.

• (a) Rules 30.2 and 33 are deleted.
• (b) All race committee signals shall be made orally or by other sounds. No visual signals are required unless specified in the sailing instructions.
• (c) Courses shall not be shortened.
• (d) Rule 32.1(a) is changed to: ‘because of foul weather or thunderstorms,’.

The race committee may make or permit reasonable arrangements to assist disabled competitors to compete on as equal terms as possible. A boat or the competitor controlling her that receives any such assistance, including help from a support person, does not break rule 41.

Rules 40, 44.3, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55 and 56 are deleted.

Rule 41 is changed to:

A boat or the competitor controlling her shall not receive help from any outside source, except

• (a) help needed as a direct result of a competitor becoming ill, injured or in danger;
• (b) when the boat is entangled with another boat, help from the other competitor;
• (c) when the boat is disabled or in danger, help from the race committee;
• (d) help in the form of information freely available to all competitors;
• (e) unsolicited information from a disinterested source. A competitor is not a disinterested source unless acting as an observer.

Rule 44.1 is changed to:

A boat may take a One-Turn Penalty when she may have broken one or more rules of Part 2, or rule 31, in an incident while racing. However,

• (a) when she may have broken a rule of Part 2 and rule 31 in the same incident she need not take the penalty for breaking rule 31;
• (b) if the boat gained an advantage in the heat or race by her breach despite taking a penalty, her penalty shall be additional One-Turn Penalties until her advantage is lost;
• (c) if the boat caused serious damage, or as a result of breaking a rule of Part 2 she caused another boat to become disabled and retire, her penalty shall be to retire.

Rule 46 is changed to: ‘The member or organization that entered the boat shall designate the competitor. See rule 75.’

• (a) The race committee may appoint observers, who may be competitors.
• (b) Observers shall hail the sail numbers of boats that make contact with a mark or another boat.
• (c) At the end of a heat, observers shall report to the race committee all unresolved incidents, and any failure to sail the course.

Observers and umpires shall be located in the control area. They shall not use any aid or device that gives them a visual advantage over competitors.

Rule 60.4(a)(2) is changed to:

• (a) A protest is invalid
  (2) if it is from a boat that alleges a breach of a rule of Part 2, 3 or 4, but was not scheduled to sail in the heat where the incident occurred, or

Add new rule 60.4(a)(4):

• (a) A protest is invalid
  (4) if it is from a boat or competitor and alleges a breach of rule E2 or E3.7.

When a committee learns that a competitor may have broken a rule, it may protest the boat controlled by that competitor.

Rule 60.2(a)(1) is changed to:

• (1) If the protestor is a boat, she shall hail ‘(Her own sail number) protest (the sail number of the other boat)’.

The boat protesting or requesting redress about an incident while racing shall inform the race committee as soon as reasonably possible after finishing or retiring.

A protest, request for redress or request for reopening shall be delivered to the race committee no later than ten minutes after the last boat in the heat finishes or after the relevant incident, whichever is later.

Rules 61.4(b)(2) and 61.4(b)(3) are changed to:

• (2) injury, physical damage or becoming disabled because of the action of a boat that was breaking a rule of Part 2 and took an appropriate penalty or was penalized,
• (3) injury, physical damage or becoming disabled because of the action of a vessel not racing that was required to keep clear or is determined to be at fault under the IRPCAS or a government right-of-way rule.

Add new rule 61.4(b)(6):

• (6) external radio interference acknowledged by the race committee.

Add to rule 61.4(c):

If a boat is given redress because she was damaged, her redress shall include reasonable time, but not more than 30 minutes, to make repairs before her next heat.

In rule 63.1(a)(4) ‘the representatives of boats shall have been on board’ is changed to ‘the representative of each boat shall be the competitor designated to control her’.

Add new rule 63.4(f):

• (f) When the protest concerns an alleged breach of a rule of Part 2, 3 or 4, any witness shall have been in the control area at the time of the incident. A witness who is a competitor, and who was not acting as an observer, must also have been scheduled to race in the relevant heat.

Rule G1 applies to every boat of a class administered or recognized by World Sailing or by the International Radio Sailing Association (IRSA).

• (a) Unless her class rules state otherwise, a boat of a World Sailing or IRSA Class shall comply with rule G1 and shall carry:
  (1) on her mainsail, her class insignia and national letters (if required).
  (2) on all sails, her sail number.
• (b) Sails shall comply with rule E8 at world and continental championships. At other events, they shall comply with these rules or the rules applicable at the time of their initial certification.

At IRSA world and continental championships and events described as international events in their notices of race, a boat shall carry national letters from the table in Appendix G, rule G1 denoting:

• (a) when entered under rule 75(a), the boat’s national authority, or
• (b) the competitor’s country of residence, or
• (c) the national authority of the owner or competitor.

Note: An up-to-date version of the National Sail Letters table is available on the World Sailing website.

• (a) The sail number shall be the last two digits of:
  (1) the hull registration number, or
  (2) the competitor’s or the owner’s personal number allotted by the relevant issuing authority.
• (b) A single digit hull number or personal number shall be preceded by a zero.
• (c) If there is conflict between sail numbers, or if a sail number may be misread, the race committee shall require that the sail numbers of one or more boats be changed to numeric alternatives.

• (a) National letters and sail numbers shall be in capital letters and Arabic numerals, clearly legible and of the same colour. The colour shall contrast with the colour of the body of the sail. Commercially available typefaces giving the same or better legibility than Helvetica are acceptable. Digital fonts are not acceptable.
• (b) The height and spacing of letters and numbers shall be as follows:

• (a) Class insignia, sail numbers and national letters shall be positioned
  (1) on both sides of the sail;
  (2) with those on the starboard side uppermost;
  (3) approximately horizontally;
  (4) with space for a prefix ‘1’ in front of the sail number; and
  (5) with no less than 40 mm vertical spacing between lines of numbers and letters on opposite sides of the sail.
  However, symmetrical or reversed class insignia may be positioned back to back.
• (b) Symmetrical or reversed class insignia shall be on the mainsail, above a line perpendicular to the luff through the three-quarter leech point, and may be positioned back-to-back. Otherwise, the vertical spacing shall be no less than 20 mm.
• (c) On a mainsail, sail numbers shall be positioned
  (1) below class insignia;
  (2) above the line perpendicular to the luff through the quarter leech point;
  (3) above national letters.

Where the size of the sail prevents compliance with rule G1.4 or G1.5, they shall be amended as follows and in the following order of precedence:

• (a) sail numbers may extend below the specified line;
• (b) vertical spacing may be reduced to no less than 20 mm:
  (1) first between sail numbers and national letters, and
  (2) then between national letters;
• (c) height of national letters may be reduced to no less than 40 mm or shall be omitted;
• (d) vertical spacing of sail numbers may be reduced to no less than 20 mm;
• (e) height of sail numbers shall be reduced to less than 90 mm, but no less than 80 mm, or shall be omitted except on the largest sail.

Other boats shall comply with rule E8 unless the rules regarding the allotment, carrying and size of insignia, letters and numbers are changed by their national authority or class association. Such changed rules shall, when practicable, conform to the above requirements.

Rule 13 is deleted.

Rule 16 is changed to:

16.1 When a right-of-way kiteboard changes course or the position of her kite, she shall give the other kiteboard room to continue keeping clear.

16.2 In addition, on a beat to windward when a port-tack kiteboard is keeping clear by sailing to pass to leeward of a starboard-tack kiteboard, the starboard-tack kiteboard shall not bear away or change the position of her kite if as a result the port-tack kiteboard must change course or the position of her kite immediately to continue keeping clear.

Rule 17 is deleted.

Rule 18 is changed to:

18.1 When Rule 18 Applies
Rule 18 applies between kiteboards when they are required to leave a mark on the same side and at least one of them is in the zone. However, it does not apply

• (a) between kiteboards that are on opposite tacks when the first kiteboard reaches the zone; or
• (b) between a kiteboard approaching a mark and one leaving it.

Rule 18 no longer applies between kiteboards when mark-room has been given.

18.2 Giving Mark-Room

• (a) When the first of two kiteboards reaches the zone,
  • (1) if the kiteboards are overlapped, the outside kiteboard at that moment shall give the inside kiteboard mark-room.
  • (2) if the kiteboards are not overlapped, the kiteboard that has not reached the zone shall give mark-room.

When a kiteboard is required to give mark-room by this rule, she shall continue to do so for as long as this rule applies, even if later an overlap is broken or a new overlap begins.

• (b) Rule 18.2(a) no longer applies if either kiteboard referred to in this rule changes tack.
• (c) If the kiteboard entitled to mark-room leaves the zone, the entitlement to mark-room ceases and rule 18.2(a) is applied again if required based on the relationship of the kiteboards at the time rule 18.2(a) is re-applied.

18.3 Changing Tack in the Zone
When an inside overlapped right-of-way kiteboard must change tack at a mark to sail her proper course, until she changes tack she shall sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail that course if by so doing she affects the course of another kiteboard. Rule 18.3 does not apply at a gate mark or a finishing mark.

Rule 19.2(a) is changed to:

• (a) A right-of-way kiteboard may choose to pass an obstruction on her port or starboard side. If a right-of-way kiteboard changes course or the position of her kite when choosing on which side to pass the obstruction, she shall give the other kiteboard room to keep clear.

Rule 20.1(a) is changed to:

• (a) she is approaching an obstruction, and, to avoid it safely, will soon need to make a substantial change of her course or the position of her kite, and

Rule 20.4 is changed to:

20.4 Additional Requirements for Hails

The following arm signals are required in addition to the hails

• (a) for ‘Room to tack’, repeatedly and clearly circling one hand over the head; and
• (b) for ‘You tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other kiteboard and waving the arm to windward.

The preamble to Section D is changed to:

When rule 21 or 22 applies between two kiteboards, Section A and C rules do not.

Rule 21.3 is changed and new rule 21.4 is added:

21.3 During the last minute before her starting signal, a kiteboard that stops, slows down significantly, or one that is not making significant forward progress shall keep clear of all others unless she is accidentally capsized.

21.4 A kiteboard that is jumping shall keep clear of one that is not.

Rule 22 is changed to:

22.1 If possible, a kiteboard shall avoid a kiteboard that is capsized, is aground, or is trying to help a person or vessel in danger.

22.2 A kiteboard that is recovering shall keep clear of a kiteboard that is not.

Rule 26 is changed to:

Races shall be started by using the following signals. Times shall be taken from the visual signals; the absence of a sound signal shall be disregarded.

Rule 29.1 is deleted.

Rules 30.1 and 30.2 are deleted.
In rules 30.3 and 30.4, ‘hull’ is changed to ‘hull or competitor’.
In rule 30.4, ‘sail number’ is changed to ‘competitor number’.

Rule 36(b) is changed to:

• (b) cause a kiteboard to be penalized except under rule 2, 30.4 or 69 or under rule 14 when she has caused injury, serious damage or a tangle.

Add new rules 41(e) and 41(f):

• (e) help from another competitor in the same race to assist a relaunch;
• (f) help to change equipment, but only in the launching area.

Rule 42 is changed to:

42.1 Basic Rule
Except when permitted in rule 42.2, a kiteboard shall compete by using only the wind and water to increase, maintain or decrease her speed.

42.2 Exceptions

• (a) A kiteboard may be propelled by unassisted actions of the competitor on the kiteboard.
• (b) A competitor may swim, walk or paddle while capsized or recovering, provided that the kiteboard does not gain a significant advantage in the race.
• (c) Any means of propulsion may be used to help a person or another vessel in danger.

Rule 43.1(c) is changed to:

• (c) A right-of-way kiteboard, or one sailing within the room or mark-room to which she is entitled, is exonerated for breaking rule 14 if the contact does not cause damage, injury or a tangle.

Add new rule 43.1(d):

• (d) When a kiteboard breaks rule 15 and there is no contact, she is exonerated for her breach.

Rules 44.1 and 44.2 are changed to:

44.1 Taking a Penalty

A kiteboard may take a One-Turn Penalty when she may have broken one or more rules of Part 2 or rule 31 in an incident while racing. Alternatively, the notice of race or sailing instructions may specify the use of the Scoring Penalty or some other penalty, in which case the specified penalty shall replace the One-Turn Penalty. However,

• (a) when a kiteboard may have broken a rule of Part 2 and rule 31 in the same incident she need not take the penalty for breaking rule 31; and
• (b) if the kiteboard caused injury, serious damage or a tangle or, despite taking a penalty, gained a significant advantage or caused significant disadvantage to the other kiteboard in the race or series by her breach, her penalty shall be to retire.

44.2 One-Turn Penalty

After getting well clear of other kiteboards as soon after the incident as possible, a kiteboard takes a One-Turn Penalty by promptly making a 360° turn with her hull appendage in the water with no requirement for a tack or a gybe. When a kiteboard takes the penalty at or near the finishing line, her hull and competitor shall be completely on the course side of the line before she finishes.

Rule 50.1(a) is changed to:

• (a) competitors shall not wear or carry clothing or equipment for the purpose of increasing their weight. However, a competitor may wear a drinking container that shall have a capacity of at least one litre and weigh no more than 1.5 kilograms when full.

Rules 45, 48.2, 49, 50.2, 51, 52, 54, 55 and 56.1 are deleted.

Rules 60.2(a), 60.2(b) and 60.2(c) are changed to:

• (a) If a protest concerns an incident observed by the protestor in the racing area:
  (1) If the protestor is a kiteboard, she shall hail ‘Protest’ at the first reasonable opportunity.
  (2) If the protestor is a committee, it shall inform the kiteboard after the race within the protest time limit of its intention to protest her.
• (b) However, if
  (1) the protestee is not within hailing distance at the time of the incident,
  (2) the incident was an error in sailing the course,
  (3) the incident was not observed by the protestor in the racing area, or
  (4) a protest committee decides to protest a kiteboard under rule 60.4(c),
  then the only requirement for the protestor is to inform the protestee of its intention to protest at the first reasonable opportunity.
• (c) If at the time of the incident it is obvious to a protesting kiteboard that a member of either crew is in danger, or that injury, serious damage or a tangle has resulted, rules 60.2(a) and 60.2(b) do not apply to her, but she shall attempt to inform the other kiteboard within the protest time limit of her intention to protest.

Rules 60.5(d)(1) and 60.5(d)(2) are changed to:

• (d) If the protest committee decides that a kiteboard has deviations in excess of acceptable manufacturing tolerances:
  (1) The kiteboard shall not be penalized if any deviations in excess of tolerances specified were caused by damage or normal wear and they did not improve the performance of the kiteboard.
  (2) However, the kiteboard shall not race again until any such deviations have been corrected unless the protest committee decides there is, or has been, no reasonable opportunity to do so.

Add new rule 60.5(e):

• (e) If the protest committee decides that a kiteboard has broken a rule and is not exonerated and, as a result, caused a tangle for the second or subsequent time during the event, her penalty shall be a disqualification that is not excludable.

Rule 70.3(b) is changed to:

• (b) that are essential to promptly determine the result of a race that will qualify a board to compete in a subsequent event (a national authority may prescribe that its permission is required for such a procedure);

Add new rule 70.3(e):

• (e) made in an elimination series that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event.

The last sentence of rule 90.2(c) is changed to: ‘Oral instructions may be given only if the procedure is stated in the sailing instructions.’

Rule A1 is changed to:

The number of races scheduled and the number required to be scored to constitute a series shall be stated in the notice of race or sailing instructions; see rule 90.3(a). If an event includes more than one discipline or format, the notice of race or sailing instructions shall state how the overall scores are to be calculated.

Add new rule A5.4:

A5.4 For an elimination series race that will qualify a board to compete in a later stage of an event, a board that did not sail the course, retired or was disqualified shall be scored points equal to the number of boards permitted to sail in that race.

Add to Rule A10:

DCT Disqualified after causing a tangle in an incident

Every boat of a World Sailing Class shall carry on her mainsail and, as provided in rule G1.3(c) for letters and numbers only, on her spinnaker and headsail

• (a) the insignia denoting her class;
• (b) at all international events, except when the boats are provided to all competitors, national letters denoting her national authority from the table below. For the purposes of this rule, international events are World Sailing events, world and continental championships, and events described as international events in their notices of race; and
• (c) a sail number of no more than four digits allotted by her national authority or, when so required by the class rules, by the class association. The four-digit limitation does not apply to classes whose World Sailing membership or recognition took effect before 1 April 1997. Alternatively, if permitted in the class rules, an owner may be allotted a personal sail number by the relevant issuing authority, which may be used on all the owner’s boats in that class.

Sails measured before 31 March 1999 shall comply with rule G1.1 or with the rules applicable at the time of measurement.

Note: An up-to-date version of the table below is available on the World Sailing website.

NATIONAL SAIL LETTERS

• (a) National letters and sail numbers shall be:
  (1) in capital letters and Arabic numerals,
  (2) of the same colour,
  (3) of a contrasting colour to the body of the sail, and
  (4) of a sans-serif typeface.
  In addition, the letters and numbers identifying the boat shall be clearly legible when the sail is set.
• (b) The height of characters and space between adjoining characters on the same and opposite sides of the sail shall be related to the boat’s overall length as follows:

Class insignia, national letters and sail numbers shall be positioned as follows:

• (a) General
  (1) Class insignia, national letters and sail numbers, where applicable, shall be placed on both sides and such that those on the starboard side are uppermost.
  (2) National letters shall be placed above the sail numbers on each side of the sail.
• (b) Mainsails
  (1) The class insignia, national letters and sail numbers shall, if possible, be wholly above an arc whose centre is the head point and whose radius is 60% of the leech length.
  (2) The class insignia shall be placed above the national letters. If the class insignia is of a design that it may be placed back to back, then it may be so placed.
• (c) Headsails and Spinnakers
  (1) National letters and sail numbers are only required on a headsail whose foot length is greater than 1.3 x foretriangle base.
  (2) The national letters and sail numbers of headsails shall be displayed wholly below an arc whose centre is the head point and whose radius is 50% of the luff length and, if possible, wholly above an arc whose radius is 75% of the luff length.
  (3) The national letters and sail number shall be displayed on the front side of a spinnaker but may be placed on both sides. They shall be displayed wholly below an arc whose centre is the head point and whose radius is 40% of the foot median and, if possible, wholly above an arc whose radius is 60% of the foot median.

The notice of race shall include the following:

• (1) the title, place and dates of the event and name of the organizing authority;
• (2) that the event will be governed by the rules as defined in The Racing Rules of Sailing;
• (3) a list of any other documents that will govern the event (for example, The Equipment Rules of Sailing, to the extent that they apply), stating where or how each document or an electronic copy of it may be obtained;
• (4) the classes to race, any handicap or rating system that will be used, and the classes to which it will apply; conditions of entry and any restrictions on entries;
• (5) the procedures and times for registration or entry, including fees and any closing dates;
• (6) the times of warning signals for the practice race, if one is scheduled, and the first race, and succeeding races if known.

The notice of race shall include any of the following that will apply:

• (1) times or procedures for equipment inspection or event measurement, or requirements for measurement or rating certificates;
• (2) changes to the racing rules authorized by World Sailing under rule 86.2, referring specifically to each rule and stating the change (also include the statement from World Sailing authorizing the change);
• (3) changes to class rules, as permitted under rule 87, referring specifically to each rule and stating the change;
• (4) categorization or classification requirements that some or all competitors must satisfy;
  (a) for sailor categorization (see rule 79 and the World Sailing Sailor Categorization Code), or
  (b) for functional classification for Para World Sailing events (see World Sailing Para Classification Rules);
• (5) that boats will be required to display advertising chosen and supplied by the organizing authority (see rule 6 and the World Sailing Advertising Code) and other information related to advertising;
• (6) that rule 90.3(e) will apply, and any change in the ‘24 hours’ time limit in that rule;
• (7) when entries from other countries are expected, any national prescriptions that may require advance preparation (see rule 88);
• (8) prescriptions that will apply if boats will pass through the waters of more than one national authority while racing, and when they will apply (see rule 88.1);
• (9) alternative communication required in place of hails under rule 20 (see rule 20.4(b));
• (10) any change in the weight limit for a competitor’s clothing and equipment permitted by rule 50.1(b);
• (11) any requirements necessary for compliance with data protection legislation that applies in the venue of the event;
• (12) an entry form, to be signed by the boat’s owner or owner’s representative, containing words such as ‘I agree to be bound by The Racing Rules of Sailing and by all other rules that govern this event.’;
• (13) replacement of the rules of Part 2 with the right-of-way rules of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea or other government right-of-way rules, the time(s) or place(s) they will apply, and any night signals to be used by the race committee.

The notice of race shall include any of the following that will apply and that would help competitors decide whether to attend the event or that conveys other information they will need before the sailing instructions become available:

• (1) changes to the racing rules permitted by rule 86.1, referring specifically to each rule and stating the change;
• (2) changes to the national prescriptions (see rule 88.2);
• (3) the time and place at which the sailing instructions will be available;
• (4) a general description of the course, or type of courses, to be sailed;
• (5) the scoring system, if different from the system in Appendix A, included by reference to class rules or other rules governing the event, or stated in full. State the number of races scheduled and the minimum number that must be scored to constitute a series (see rule A1). If appropriate, for a series where the number of starters may vary substantially, state that rule A5.3 applies;
• (6) the penalty for breaking a rule of Part 2, other than the Two-Turns Penalty;
• (7) the time after which no warning signal will be made on the last scheduled day of racing;
• (8) denial of the right of appeal, subject to rule 70.3;
• (9) for chartered or loaned boats, whether rule G3 applies;
• (10) prizes.

Unless included in the notice of race, the sailing instructions shall include the following:

• (1) the information in rules J1.3(1), (2) and (5) and, when applicable, rules J1.3(6), (7), (8), (9) and (10);
• (2) the schedule of races and the times of warning signals for each class;
• (3) a complete description of the course(s) to be sailed, or a list of marks from which the course will be selected and, if relevant, how courses will be signalled and any change to the direction in which boats are required to cross the finishing line to finish;
• (4) descriptions of marks, including starting and finishing marks, stating the order in which marks are to be passed and the side on which each is to be left and identifying all rounding marks (see the definition Sail the Course);
• (5) descriptions of the starting and finishing lines, class flags and any special signals to be used;
• (6) the race time limit, if any, for the first boat to sail the course (see rule 35);
• (7) location(s) of official notice board(s) or address of online notice board; location of the race office.

Unless included in the notice of race, the sailing instructions shall include those of the following that will apply:

• (1) whether Appendix P will apply;
• (2) when appropriate, at an event where entries from other countries are expected, a copy in English of the national prescriptions that will apply;
• (3) procedure for changing the sailing instructions;
• (4) procedure for giving oral changes to the sailing instructions on the water (see rule 90.2(c));
• (5) safety requirements, such as requirements and signals for personal flotation devices, check-in at the starting area, and check-out and check-in ashore;
• (6) signals to be made ashore and location of signal station(s);
• (7) restrictions controlling changes to boats when supplied by the organizing authority;
• (8) when and under what circumstances propulsion is permitted under rule 42.3(i);
• (9) restrictions on use of support person vessels, plastic pools, radios, etc.; on trash disposal; on hauling out; and on outside assistance provided to a boat that is not racing;
• (10) the racing area (a chart is recommended);
• (11) location of the starting area and any restrictions on entering it;
• (12) any special procedures or signals for individual or general recall;
• (13) approximate course length and approximate length of windward legs;
• (14) any special procedures or signals for changing a leg of the course (see rule 33);
• (15) description of any object, area or line designated by a rule to be an obstruction (see the definition Obstruction), and any restriction on entering such an area or crossing such a line;
• (16) boats identifying mark locations;
• (17) any special procedures for shortening the course or for finishing a shortened course;
• (18) the time limit, if any, for boats other than the first boat to finish and any other time limits or target times that apply while boats are racing;
• (19) declaration requirements;
• (20) time allowances;
• (21) time limits, place of hearings, and special procedures for protests, requests for redress or requests for reopening;
• (22) the national authority’s approval of the appointment of an international jury, when required under rule 91(b);
• (23) the time limit for requesting a hearing under rule N1.4(b), if not 30 minutes;
• (24) when required by rule 70.4, the national authority to which appeals and requests are required to be sent;
• (25) substitution of competitors;
• (26) the minimum number of boats appearing in the starting area required for a race to be started;
• (27) when and where races postponed or abandoned for the day will be sailed;
• (28) tides and currents;
• (29) other commitments of the race committee and obligations of boats.

• (a) each party has the opportunity to read the protest, request for redress or allegation and has had reasonable time to prepare for the hearing (rules 63.1(a)(2) and 63.1(a)(3)).
• (b) only one person from each party is present unless an interpreter is needed (rule 63.1(a)(4)).
• (c) all boats and people involved are represented. If they are not, however, the committee may proceed under rule 63.1(b).
• (d) boats’ representatives were on board when required (rule 63.1(a)(4)).
• (e) when the parties were in different events, both organizing authorities accept the composition of the protest committee (rule 63.2(e)).
• (f) in a protest concerning class rules, obtain the current class rules and identify the authority responsible for interpreting them (rule 63.5(d)).

Determine if any members of the protest committee saw the incident. If so, require each of them to state that fact as soon as possible at the hearing (rule 63.4(d)).

• (a) Ensure that all protest committee members declare any possible conflicts of interest. At major events this will often be a formal written declaration made before the event starts that will be kept with the protest committee records.
• (b) At the start of any hearing, ensure that the parties are aware of any conflicts of interest of protest committee members. Ask the parties if they consent to the members. If a party does not object as soon as possible after a conflict of interest has been declared, the protest committee may take this as consent to proceed and should record it.
• (c) If a party objects to a member, the remainder of the protest committee members need to assess whether the conflict of interest is significant. The assessment will consider the level of the event, the level of the conflict and the perception of fairness. It may be acceptable to balance conflicts between protest committee members. Guidance may be found on the World Sailing website. Record the decision and the grounds for that decision.
• (d) In cases of doubt it may be preferable to proceed with a smaller protest committee. Except for hearings under rule 69, there is no minimum number of protest committee members required.
• (e) When a request for redress is made under rule 61.4(b)(1) and is based on an improper action or improper omission of a body other than the protest committee, a member of that body should not be a member of the protest committee.

• (a) Are the contents adequate (rule 60.3(a), 61.2(a) or 63.7(b))?
• (b) Was it delivered in time? If not, is there good reason to extend the time limit (rule 60.3(b), 61.2(b) or 63.7(b))?
• (c) When required, was the protestor involved in or a witness to the incident (rule 60.4(a)(2))?
• (d) When necessary, was ‘Protest’ hailed and, if required, a red flag displayed correctly (rule 60.2(a)(1))?
• (e) When the flag or hail was not necessary, was the protestee informed (rule 60.2(b))?
• (f) Decide whether the protest or request for redress is valid (rule 63.4(a)).
• (g) Once the validity of the protest or request has been determined, do not let the subject be introduced again unless truly new evidence is available.

• (a) Ask the parties to tell their stories. Then allow them to question one another. In a redress matter, ask the party to state the request.
• (b) Make sure you know what facts each party is alleging before calling any witnesses. Their stories may be different.
• (c) Allow anyone, including a boat’s crew, to give evidence. It is the party who normally decides which witnesses to call, although the protest committee may also call witnesses (rule 63.4(b)). The question asked by a party ‘Would you like to hear N?’ is best answered by ‘It is your choice.’
• (d) Call each party’s witnesses (and the protest committee’s if any) one by one. Limit parties to questioning the witness(es). (They may wander into general statements.)
• (e) Invite the protestee to question the protestor’s witness first (and vice versa). This prevents the protestor from leading the witness from the beginning.
• (f) Allow members of the protest committee who saw the incident to give evidence (rule 63.4(d)). Members who give evidence may be questioned, should take care to relate all they know about the incident that could affect the decision, and may remain on the protest committee (rule 63.4(e)).
• (g) Try to prevent leading questions, but if that is impossible discount the evidence so obtained.
• (h) The protest committee chair should advise a party or a witness giving hearsay, repetitive or irrelevant evidence that the protest committee must give such evidence appropriate weight, which may be little or no weight at all (rules 63.4(b) and 63.5(a)).
• (i) Ask one member of the committee to note down evidence, particularly times, distances, speeds, etc.
• (j) Invite questions from protest committee members.
• (k) Invite each party, starting with the party that requested the hearing, to make a final statement of her case, particularly on any application or interpretation of the rules.

• (a) Write down the facts; resolve doubts one way or the other.
• (b) Call back parties for more questions if necessary.
• (c) When appropriate, draw a diagram of the incident using the facts you have found.

• (a) Base the decision on the facts found. (If you cannot, find some more facts.)
• (b) In redress cases, make sure that no further evidence is needed from boats that will be affected by the decision.

• (a) Recall the parties and read them the facts found, conclusions and rules that apply, and the decision. When time presses it is permissible to read the decision and give the details later.
• (b) Give any party a copy of the decision on request. File the protest or request for redress with the committee records.

When a party, within the time limit, has asked for a hearing to be reopened, hear the party making the request, look at any video, etc., and decide whether there is any significant new evidence that might lead you to change your decision. Decide whether your interpretation of the rules may have been wrong; be open-minded as to whether you have made a mistake. If none of these applies refuse to reopen; otherwise schedule a hearing.

• (a) if it was not reasonably possible for the party asking for the reopening to have discovered the evidence before the original hearing,
• (b) if the protest committee is satisfied that before the original hearing the evidence was diligently but unsuccessfully sought by the party asking for the reopening, or
• (c) if the protest committee learns from any source that the evidence was not available to the parties at the time of the original hearing.

An action under this rule is not a protest, but the protest committee gives its allegations in writing to the competitor before the hearing. The hearing is conducted under rule 63, but the protest committee must have at least three members (rule 69.2(a)). Use the greatest care to protect the competitor’s rights.

A competitor or a boat cannot protest under rule 69, but the hearing request form of a competitor who tries to do so may be accepted as a report to the protest committee, which can then decide whether or not to call a hearing.

Unless World Sailing has appointed a person for the role, the protest committee may appoint a person to present the allegation. This person might be a race official, the person making the allegation or other appropriate person. When no reasonable alternative person is available, a person who was appointed as a member of the protest committee may present the allegation.

When it is desirable to call a hearing under rule 69 as a result of a Part 2 incident, it is important to hear any boat-vs.-boat protest in the normal way, deciding which boat, if any, broke which rule, before proceeding against the competitor under rule 69.

Although action under rule 69 is taken against a competitor, boat owner or support person, and not a boat, a boat may also be penalized (rules 69.2(h)(2) and 62.4).

When a protest committee upholds a rule 69 allegation it will need to consider if it is appropriate to report to either a national authority or World Sailing. Guidance on when to report may be found in the World Sailing Case Book. When the protest committee does make a report, it may recommend whether or not further action should be taken.

Unless the right of appeal is denied in accordance with rule 70.3, a party to a rule 69 hearing may appeal the decision of the protest committee.

Further guidance for protest committees about misconduct may be found on the World Sailing website.

An international jury shall be composed of experienced sailors with excellent knowledge of the racing rules and extensive protest committee experience. It shall be independent of and have no members from the race committee or the technical committee, and it shall be appointed by the organizing authority, subject to approval by the national authority if required (see rule 91(b)), or by World Sailing under rule 89.2(c).

The jury shall consist of a chair, a vice chair if desired, and other members for a total of at least five. A majority shall be International Judges.

No more than two members (three, in Groups M, N and Q) shall be from the same national authority.

• (a) The chair of a jury may appoint one or more panels composed in compliance with rules N1.1, N1.2 and N1.3. This can be done even if the full jury is not composed in compliance with these rules.
• (b) The chair of a jury may appoint panels of at least three members each, of which the majority shall be International Judges. Members of each panel shall be from at least three different national authorities except in Groups M, N and Q, where they shall be from at least two different national authorities. If dissatisfied with a panel’s decision, a party is entitled to a hearing by a panel composed in compliance with rules N1.1, N1.2 and N1.3, except concerning the facts found, if requested within 30 minutes, or the time limit specified in the sailing instructions, after being informed of the decision.

When a full jury, or a panel, has fewer than five members, because of illness or emergency, and no qualified replacements are available, it remains properly constituted if it consists of at least three members and if at least two of them are International Judges. When there are three or four members they shall be from at least three different national authorities except in Groups M, N and Q, where they shall be from at least two different national authorities.

When it is considered desirable that some members not participate in discussing and deciding a protest or request for redress, and no qualified replacements are available, the jury or panel remains properly constituted if at least three members remain and at least two of them are International Judges.

In exception to rules N1.1 and N1.2, World Sailing may in limited circumstances authorize an international jury consisting of a total of only three members. All members shall be International Judges. The members shall be from three different national authorities (two, in Groups M, N and Q). The authorization shall be stated in a letter of approval to the organizing authority and in the notice of race or sailing instructions, and the letter shall be posted on the official notice board.

When the national authority’s approval is required for the appointment of an international jury (see rule 91(b)), notice of its approval shall be included in the sailing instructions or be posted on the official notice board.

If the jury or a panel acts while not properly constituted, its decisions may be appealed.

An international jury is responsible for hearing and deciding all protests, requests for redress and other matters arising under the rules of Part 5. When asked by the organizing authority, the race committee or the technical committee, it shall advise and assist them on any matter directly affecting the fairness of the competition.

Unless the organizing authority directs otherwise, the jury shall decide

• (a) questions of eligibility, measurement or rating certificates; and
• (b) whether to authorize the substitution of competitors, boats or equipment when a rule requires such a decision.

The jury shall also decide matters referred to it by the organizing authority, the race committee or the technical committee.

Members shall not be regarded as having a significant conflict of interest (see rule 63.3) by reason of their nationality, club membership or similar. When otherwise considering a significant conflict of interest as required by rule 63.3, considerable weight must be given to the fact that decisions of an international jury cannot be appealed and this may affect the perception of fairness and lower the level of conflict that is significant. In case of doubt, the hearing should proceed as permitted by rule N1.6.

If a panel fails to agree on a decision it may adjourn, in which case the chair shall refer the matter to a properly constituted panel with as many members as possible, which may be the full jury.

The World Sailing Code of Ethics contains procedures that apply to specific international events with regard to the appointment of a person to conduct any investigation. These procedures override any conflicting provision of this appendix.

A person shall be responsible for presenting to the hearing panel any allegations of misconduct under rule 69. This person shall not be a member of the hearing panel but may be a member of the jury. Such a person shall be required to make full disclosure of all material gathered in the course of the investigation to the person subject to allegations of a breach of rule 69.

Prior to a hearing, the hearing panel, to the extent practically possible, shall not act as an investigator of any allegations made under rule 69. However, during the hearing the panel shall be entitled to ask any investigative questions it may see fit.

If the panel decides to call a hearing, all material disclosed to the panel in order for them to make that decision must be disclosed to the person subject to the allegations before the hearing begins.

The protest committee may appoint observers, including protest committee members, to act in accordance with rule P1.2. A person with a significant conflict of interest shall not be appointed as an observer.

If an observer appointed under rule P1.1 decides that a boat has broken rule 42, the boat may be penalized by, as soon as reasonably possible making a sound signal, pointing a yellow flag at her, and clearly identifying her by hailing, even if she is no longer racing. A boat so penalized shall not be penalized a second time under rule 42 for the same incident.

When a boat is first penalized under rule P1.2 her penalty shall be a Two-Turns Penalty under rule 44.2. If she fails to take it she shall be disqualified without a hearing.

When a boat is penalized a second time during the event, she shall promptly retire. If she fails to do so she shall be disqualified without a hearing and her score shall not be excluded.

When a boat is penalized a third or subsequent time during the event, she shall promptly retire. If she does so her penalty shall be disqualification without a hearing and her score shall not be excluded. If she fails to do so her penalty shall be disqualification without a hearing from all races in the event, with no score excluded, and the protest committee shall consider calling a hearing under rule 69.2.

If a boat is penalized under rule P2.2 or P2.3 and it was not reasonably possible for her to retire before finishing, she shall be scored as if she had retired promptly.

Rule P5 applies if the class rules permit pumping, rocking and ooching when the wind speed exceeds a specified limit.

• (a) The race committee may signal that pumping, rocking and ooching are permitted, as specified in the class rules, by displaying flag O before or with the warning signal.
• (b) If the wind speed becomes less than the specified limit after flag O has been displayed, the race committee may postpone the race. Then, before or with a new warning signal, the committee shall display either flag R, to signal that rule 42 as changed by the class rules applies, or flag O, as provided in rule P5.2(a).
• (c) If flag O or flag R is displayed before or with the warning signal, it shall be displayed until the starting signal.

After the starting signal,

• (a) if the wind speed exceeds the specified limit, the race committee may display flag O with repetitive sounds at a mark to signal that pumping, rocking and ooching are permitted, as specified in the class rules, after passing the mark;
• (b) if flag O has been displayed and the wind speed becomes less than the specified limit, the race committee may display flag R with repetitive sounds at a mark to signal that rule 42, as changed by the class rules, applies after passing the mark.

• (a) no later than seven days after receiving the protest committee’s written decision or its decision not to reopen a hearing, the appellant shall send an appeal and a copy of the protest committee’s decision to the national authority. The appeal shall state why the appellant believes the protest committee’s decision or its procedures were incorrect;
• (b) when a hearing has not been held within 30 days after a protest or request for redress was delivered, the appellant shall, within a further seven days, send an appeal with a copy of the protest or request and any relevant correspondence;
• (c) when the protest committee fails to comply with rule 63.6(b), the appellant shall, within a reasonable time after the hearing, send an appeal with a copy of the protest or request and any relevant correspondence.

If a copy of the protest or request is not available, the appellant shall instead send a statement of its substance.

The appellant shall also send, with the appeal or as soon as possible thereafter, all of the following documents that are available to her:

• (a) the written protest(s) or request(s) for redress;
• (b) a diagram, prepared or endorsed by the protest committee, showing the positions and tracks of all boats involved, the course to the next mark and the required side, the force and direction of the wind, and, if relevant, the depth of water and direction and speed of any current;
• (c) the notice of race, the sailing instructions, any other documents governing the event, and any changes to them;
• (d) any additional relevant documents; and
• (e) the names, postal and email addresses, and telephone numbers of all parties to the hearing and the protest committee chair.

A request from a protest committee for confirmation or correction of its decision shall be sent no later than seven days after the decision and shall include the decision and the documents listed in rule R2.2. A request for an interpretation of the rules shall include assumed facts.

The parties and protest committee may make written comments on the appeal or request or on any of the documents listed in rule R2.2, provided they do so within seven days of the national authority making them available.

The national authority may seek clarifications of rules governing the event from organizations that are not parties to the hearing.

The national authority shall send copies of comments and clarifications received to the parties and protest committee as appropriate.

Provided that rule 44.1(b) does not apply, a boat that may have broken one or more rules of Part 2 or rule 31 in an incident may take a Post-Race Penalty at any time after the race until the beginning of a protest hearing involving the incident.

A Post-Race Penalty is a 30% Scoring Penalty calculated as stated in rule 44.3(c). However, rule 44.1(a) applies.

A boat takes a Post-Race Penalty by delivering to the arbitrator or a member of the protest committee a written statement that she accepts the penalty and that identifies the race number and where and when the incident occurred.